Mathematics Curriculum in the US Research Paper

Arithmetic Curriculum in the US - Research Paper Example As individuals contend in the cutting edge century, they remain on the primary changes edge in the United States educational program of arithmetic training. This paper looks to distinguish a portion of the fundamental changes in the mathematic educational program in the US and feature how educators will make a few changes in their instructing styles to oblige these extraordinary changes. Conversation An expanding uneasiness in the US concerning the arithmetic training state is apparent. The test is clear in the poor USlearners’ execution on various worldwide assessments. Individuals have accepted that they just require one set up numerical expertise body in planning of the twenty first century professions. This presumption has prompted expanded tension. Actually; assorted arithmetic aptitudes sets are critical establishment for different professions. Along these lines, the current science abilities must be modified and reshaped to reflect such truth. The basic premises of this conversation is that mathematic educational plan in the United States is and has been experiencing extreme changes in the ongoing past and educators must rebuild the educational program of arithmetic in the United States - as far as strategies for instructing and the substance of their instructing materials-to be equipped and serious in the advanced world. Hence, if understudies are to create current mathematic information and trust so as to use that information †and be independently and expertly serious and skillful in the 21st century - educators and teachers have an essential task to carry out in reshaping their strategy and procedures to fit and conform to the continually changing mathematic educational plan of the US. This rebuilding involves much something other than developing new showing materials or holding teachers, (Russell, Corwin, Mokros, Friel and Stone, 1992). Also, changing a few sections is lacking, what is required is an all out reshaping or updating of the s chool substance of science educational plan, just as the instructing strategies. A portion of the fundamental changes in the US mathematic educational program The pivotal changes remember first modifications for the numerical tasks necessities. As the US economy adjusts to the current data period necessities, workforce in all segments, for example, lodging secretaries and assistants, trip specialists, mechanics of autos and numerous others ought to figure out how to clarify and decipher ably present day IT controlled methodology. Different employments by and by need scientific and not impossible to miss mechanical information and abilities, hence, all students require progressively numerical shrewd in universities as a groundwork for such chances. Also, the serious usage of money related, graphical, and factual data in ordinary magazines, and open media and discussions requests expanded quantitative proficiency gauges for productive commitment in vote based network, (Russell, 1997). In the United States, there exists a move towards the norms of regular center, requesting a joined and an undeniably complete arithmetic educational program. Despite the fact that, United States has seen a total example paper, obviously progressively multi-dimensional questions will be amazingly founded on critical thinking principles, requiring the students to use different aptitudes to accomplish different arrangements. Such another move is progressively energized, yet from the point of view of educators, such a change must be painstakingly presented. To achieve fruitful results, the new addressing style must guide understudies acknowledge where maths is applied in every day life. This is significant opportunity to change the pseudocontext convention of course readings, whereby counterfeit genuine world examples contain a numerical inquiry. Basic center assessments and other practical information present an essential chance to demonstrate the science

Admission to University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston

Directly from an exceptionally youthful age I had consistently delighted in helping individuals. As I grew up my contribution with helping individuals waxed colossally. The result of this inclination was the improvement of an enthusiastic want to support the debilitated and feeble. I was amazingly blessed to understand my actual reason for living at an extremely youthful age.At present I am in my senior year at the University of Houston. I will end up being an alumni in the spring of the year 2008. Hence, it is my sincere want to be admitted to the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston. Besides, I am filling in as a treasurer for the Cougars Volunteer Association.Moreover, my fundamental charitable effort is as for the work that I do at the Ben Taub General Hospital. Houston is home to various emergency clinics that are the absolute best on the planet. The Texas Medical Center is a telling case of this reality. The Ben Taub General Hospital is a world class Level 1 Tra uma Center, with an extremely huge admission of grown-ups and kids for treatment.My volunteer administrations expect me to visit every patient, so as to discover that they acquire what they need. I had been granted a drug store specialist testament and I had been working at a drug store as a drug store professional, before my present volunteer assistance at the Ben Taub General Hospital. I am delighted at aiding and working with patients, particularly the old, the decrepit and youngsters. This has directed my decision to turn into a medical attendant. I have figured out how to regard difficulties as venturing stones and not halting stones to progress. One such significant test that emerged was resulting to my working while at the same time concentrating as a full †time student.This challenge caused me a lot of trouble, by the by, I had the option to defeat it and in the process I turned into considerably more experienced in taking care of a blend of difficult work, stress and lack of time. This specific test gave me the certainty to achieve any objective that I set my sights on.In the year 1972 The University of Texas School of Nursing at Houston was set up. At present it is perhaps the best school for learning the workmanship and study of nursing. The Texas Medical Center is home to the School of Nursing grounds. It gives all the advantages and skill of a world class Health Science Center.The University Of Texas Houston School Of Nursing gives a wide decision obviously work, which comes full circle in the BSN, MSN, PhD or DNP degree. The approach of bestowing information at this school is adaptable and understudies can learn, take a shot at examine extends and take an interest in clinical practice in diverse ways (School of Nursing at Houston, 2007).In expansion, this school has acclimatized the most recent improvements in innovation. As needs be, offices like remotely coordinating and satellite correspondences are generally used to empower contact wit h far off areas. Also, this innovation has caused it feasible for classes to be directed at the same time at Houston and other sites.The University Of Texas School Of Nursing at Houston gives various exceptionally imaginative projects and one such program that is offered in a joint effort with the UTMB is a baccalaureate nursing program, which is spread more than three semesters.This program obliges the need of understudies who have a degree and who are envious of joining the nursing calling. Guidelines are given on the web. Besides, there are eleven experts programs, which sharpen the claim to fame care abilities of medical caretakers and guarantee their expert headway. The staff is phenomenal and comprises of probably the best nursing experts (School of Nursing at Houston, 2007).Nursing isn't just a craftsmanship yet in addition a science and focuses on empowering families, individuals and society to accomplish, recoup and keep up the most ideal wellbeing. Present day nursing targ ets inciting improving the personal satisfaction by guaranteeing the best of mental and physical wellbeing. Nursing has been very fruitful in accomplishing this incredible objective.The demonstration of rendering help to a wiped out individual gives tremendous fulfillment. This incredibly respectable calling has been briefly depicted by the American Nurses Association as â€Å"Nursing is the insurance, advancement, and improvement of wellbeing and capacities; avoidance of ailment and injury; mitigation of enduring the determination and treatment of human reactions; and promotion in medicinal services for people, families, networks, and populations.†This is particularly in consonance with my goals in life.Therefore, I am exceedingly quick to learn at this revered school of nursing. It is my life’s energy to aid the wiped out, decrepit, old and youngsters and to this end the best calling is that of nursing. Accordingly, any individual who entire †heartedly takes par t in the scholarly projects of this school is sure to turn into an excellent nurse.ReferencesSchool of Nursing at Houston. (2007, June 11). Recovered November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas: http://son.uth.tmc.edu/School of Nursing at Houston. (2007, June 11). Recovered November 6, 2007, from The University of Texas: http://son.uth.tmc.edu/instruction/

The Emergence Of Professional Identity Education Essay

In spite of the outgrowth of expert singularity as a different research nation in the last decennary, there is no individual definition to explain absolutely what the build implies ( Beijaard et al. , 2004 ) . There is normal seeing, by the by, that distinction is non a fixed property of an individual, yet is an on-going technique of perusing and reevaluation of encounters inside a given setting. The post-innovator position of inner self, to which I buy in, is that personality is firmly identified with how individuals sort out their encounters throughout their life history, which could, subsequently, contrast in clasp and setting, however permits people to comprehend what their identity is and what they would wish to go. As a result, impacts of verifiable, sociological, mental and social variables may all effect on a pioneer ‘s feeling of self image as a pioneer. In the event that this line of articulation is finished, it would, subsequently, appear that ‘self ‘ is indistinguishable from an individual ‘s life history and, thus, it is difficult to discuss ‘self ‘ when there is no contemplation.IntroductionBusher ‘s ( 2005 ) research of in the middle of pioneers features how youth encounters, guardians and associates formed his points ‘ positions and qualities on guidance, procurement and taking. He other than found that exposure molded their feeling of business related uniqueness, their places of themselves being bound up with the conventional spots they held inside the school chain of command. Thusly, proficient independences were created through a mix of authentic life and expert experience. In any case, it is other than of import to perceive that, while partner this to a real existence history assault, the portrayal of occasions comes to represent a time of individual ‘s lives, compacted into â€Å" one moment of self-portrayal † ( Kehily, 1995, p. 24 ) . Similarly, as Kehily ( 1995 ) contends, how we see ourselves, our distinction, is competent to reformulation in a collection of ways blending to the crowd and, thus, we may hold an alternate variant of uniqueness orchestrating to where, when and how we articulate it. Some portion of our life history can be overlooked, adorned or reframed orchestrating to the inclination that we need to depict of ourselves. At the end of the day, uniqueness is communicated as outward enunciations as a product of the cultural collaboration, rather than a man ‘s inside thoughts. As an outcome, a Reconstruction of past occasions is probably going to be set inside the ‘framework of present concerns ‘ ( Kehily, 1995, p. 26 ) . Malus and Wuf ( 1987, in Kehily, 1995 ) utilize the term â€Å" self develop of the moment † comprehended as a â€Å" ceaselessly dynamic, exchanging exhibit of available conscience comprehension † ( p. 306 ) . So also, single memory plays a major bit in deciding and expressing their ‘story ‘ . Memory can be particular, go forthing massive spreads and giving minutes of most extreme clarity. Personality building is, henceforth, an interrelatedness among over a wide span of time. Olesen ( 2001 ) , in his overview of expert singularity as securing systems in life history, other than considers uniqueness to be being a â€Å" field for an on-going abstraction † ( p. 3 ) . Be that as it may, rather than it being emotional, blending to the crowd as an imaginable perusing, it is more as an outcome of the individual ‘s capacity to replicate involvement with connection to existent world. It is this world which is proficient to single perceptual experience, abstract directions and significances. He contends that perceptual experience of singularity is other than interrelated to larning techniques of people inside their calling and general turn of events. As such, ‘profes sional ‘ independence can direct and build up the individual however could other than diminish the learning intensity. Usher ( 1995 ) accepts: â€Å" changing and exchanging singularity is ‘fixed ‘ and moored by the demonstration of creating † and that â€Å" life itself is considered as cultural content, an anecdotal story creation where contrast is quelled and cut smothered in an interest for sureness † ( p. 2 ) . This position expect that people are about unequipped for choosing the strained quality between considering ourselves to be the article and how others impact and these days it. Giddens ( 1991 ) contends that how the tensenesss among outer and interior places of self image are settled relies upon single â€Å" chronicles and experience and cultural and mental requests † ( p. 3 ) . My place in this is in spite of the fact that people may non have the option to choose the tensenesss among outside and interior positions, they may make a trip to a region of subjective contradiction where they come to acknowledge and perceive the distinction without the interest for choosing them.Awareness of Ones SelfBusher ( 2003 ) takes a comparative position thinking that: â€Å" pioneers and chiefs awareness of inner self is built through their collaborations with others, building up a changing cognizance of others ‘s requests what's more of themselves as others see them † ( p. 3 ) . This requires witting consideration and has been urged during that time to propel a more noteworthy misgiving of the individual ‘s feeling of inner self, the commonality of individuals and with their condition ( Busher, 2003 ; Beijaard et al. , 2004 ) . I would other than reason that it other than depends to what degree people are non only intentionally conscious of the effect of these collaborations, however alongside the amount they can larn from this and, by making in this way, build up their ain fear of individuals ‘s individual and cultural requests, positions and standpoints, at the end of the day, what Goleman ( 1995 ) footings as 'passionate knowledge ‘ . For any ‘people laborers ‘ , understanding individuals ‘s activities in footings of how they build their self-personality in impossible to miss settings is basic to having the option to work with them effectively. For pioneers at any degree, a sound anxiety of others is cardinal to accompl ishment in their capacity ( Busher, 2005 ) . These cultural cooperations, as Busher ( 2003 ) , contends other than serve to create impressions of intensity and that in creating independences, curiously in the work setting, individuals need to â€Å" hypothesize with the force connections that work † ( Smyth et al. , 2000, p. 149 ) . Cardinal to self-personality is other than their impression of intensity and how it influences their feeling of authority. The evaluation of approval and order all bodies upon the individual ‘s feeling of sense of self and is straight identified with the spot inside which they work and how much force they can appoint. Usher ( 1995 ) proposes that, potentially, this atomization of independence is something we simply require to acknowledge and that it is inescapable â€Å" that the conscience will be created and rehashed † ( p. 186 ) . As can be seen from this treatment, proficient independence and discernment of ‘self ‘ is mind boggling. It is comprised of an arrangement of components, grounded in individuals ‘s single life chronicles, characters and business related encounters. The capacity to ponder their encounters and comprehend their ain expert distinctions permits them to effectively wear the mantle of their few attributed work and to hold a superior fear of themselves and of those they lead.The Journey to LeadershipWhen breaking down life history, guidance inquire about specialists have would in general pass on together shared qualities and secured them around core subjects ( Gronn, 1999 ) . Both Kelchtermans ( 1993 ) and Parker ( 2002 ) use basic episodes, notable individuals and stages as â€Å" heuristic devices in dissecting the calling stories † ( Kelchtermans, 1993, p. 447 ) , while others ( Day and Bakioglu, 1996 ; Gronn, 1999 ; Coleman, 2002 ; Ribbins, 2003 ) have utilized s tages and phases of prompting build up an applied hypothetical record of pioneers inside a â€Å" longitudinal model † ( Gronn, 1999, p. 22 ) .Phases of LeadershipGronn ( 1999 ) named the main periods of impact on a pioneer as the â€Å" Formation † stage and this incorporates the period from â€Å" childhood to development † , setting family unit, tutoring and peer notice bunches as of import in providing the â€Å" organizing of a character development † ( p. 32 ) . The second stage, â€Å" Accession † ( Gronn, 1999, p. 34 ) , is the clasp of â€Å" preparing † where people see an extent of capacities, fiting themselves with an arrangement of achievements and get down to gather and practice a â€Å" work repertory † ( p. 36 ) which will gracefully a house establishment whereupon to pull for higher capacities. It is in this stage, where a man ‘s solid thought process to achieve may first be acknowledged, which Gronn ( 1999 ) recommends, to be adequate, should be joined by a solid feeling of single sense of self conviction and the related sentiments of one ‘s â€Å" worth and worth † ( p. 36 ) which are created in the Formation stage. The third stage, that of â€Å" Incumbency † , is about the time of headship. Gronn ( 1999 ) proposes that if, at this stage, the capacities that pioneers take are â€Å" fitting with individual requests † so they will â€Å" have the option to make a trip some way to run into their interest to self realize † ( p. 38 ) . The fourth and closing stage is that of â€Å" Divestiture † where pioneers may great lose their â€Å" mental catch † ( p. 39 ) , whether this be because of fortunes affecting on them and henceforth nonvoluntary or spontaneous, or it might be increasingly a deliberate, arranged period of the pioneer ‘s calling as retirement assaults. Day and Bakioglu ( 1996 ) , in their study of caput teachers ‘ lives and cal

Junon Business Development Centre - Research Project - Free Essay Example

Table of Contents Pages Executive Summary 3 Section 1 Introduction 4 5 Purpose of research Project Background Scope and limitation of research Literature Review 6 Research Objectives 7 Methodology 8 Section 2 Findings Analysis Recommendations Conclusions   References Rewwright KOnshens94 Executive Summary This project is dived into four different sections. LO1 LO2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Measure of dispersion, quartiles, percentiles and coefficient correlation are used to show the results from the questionnaire. Also a conclusion will be done from answers of the questionnaire. LO3 LO4 Introduction This qualitative research includes a project background, purpose, objectives, methodology and literature review. Qualitative research, also called field research, typically involves fieldwork in which the researcher observes and records behaviour and events in their natural setting Direct observation is distinguished from participant observation in a number of ways. First, a direct observer doesnt typically try to become a participant in the context. However, the direct observer does strive to be as unobtrusive as possible so as not to bias the observations. Direct observation tends to be more focused than participant observation. The researcher is observing certain sampled situations or people rather than trying to become immersed in the entire context. Finally, direct observation tends not to take as long as participant observation. For instance, the manager is watching the employees under specific circumstances in the bakery setting from behind a one-way mirror, looking especially for the nonverbal cues being used. Unstructured interviewing involves direct interaction between the researcher and a respondent or group. It differs from traditional structured interviewing in several important ways. First, although the researcher may have some initial guiding questions or core concepts to ask about, there is no formal structured instrument or protocol. Second, the interviewer is free to move the conversation in any direction of interest that may come up. Consequently, unstructured interviewing is particularly useful for exploring a topic broadly. However, there is a price for this lack of structure. Because each interview tends to be unique with no predetermined set of questions asked of all respondents, it is usually more difficult to analyse unstructured interview data, especially when synthesizing across respondents. Purpose of this research The purpose of this research is to analyse the business and prepare a proposal for the clients. Background I am a senior partner at Junon Business Development Centre (JBDC), a consulting firm that was founded 17 years ago. JBDC analyzes existing and start-up businesses, creates ideas and solutions to problems, and helps small businesses develop an effective plan for meeting their goals. Our advisors and consultants have experienced in real life business management. The Junon Business Development Centre is there to give solutions and information on businesses and related topics relevant to entrepreneurs and small businesses. JBDC was hired by a group of investors to acquire a small business for them. The company that will be acquired is Deliciosos Bakery. Deliciosos Bakery is an existing business which is located in Kingston, Jamaica. The bakery specializes in the manufacturing of quality whole-wheat bread, bun, cakes and others. Their products are sold in the supermarkets and other retail outlets. Deliciosos Bakery has been around for a couple years. Four years ago it was purchased by Jordan Smith and his wife Rasheda Smith, they both represent financial and culinary expertise, respectively but they did a little research on the business before purchasing it. They are now encountering a number of challenges that seem insurmountable. They want to find solutions to the many challenges the business is undergoing. After Deliciosos has been acquired the investors will seek to make the business become profitable and sustainable and be ready to meet global challenges by using operations management, which will allow them to be one of the best bakeries in town. Scope and limitation of research In this study, I have gathered some information on using measures of dispersion to show descriptive statistics. Different types of graphs such pie chart; line graph and bar graph were used to disseminate information, using a wide variety of sources for the collection of data. Understand the range of techniques to analyse data effectively for business purposes and Producing information in appropriate formats for decision making in an organisational context. There were a few limitations in this research. Some of these are: Finding the correct texts to be used Information collected was out-dated. Research Objectives To use a variety of sources for the collection of data, both primary and secondary. To understand a range of techniques to analyse data effectively for business purposes. To produce information in appropriate formats for decision making in an organisational context. To use software-generated information to make decisions in an organisation. Methodology A methodology can be defined as the process used to collect data for the purpose of making business decision and collect information and data. This research will partially base its finding through qualitative research methods because this permits the flexible and iterative approach. This method was also chosen because surveys and questionnaires were used to conduct the research and gather data. It is also about exploring issues and understanding phenomena and a technique that was used to go deep into the subjects of importance and scrutinize obstructions related to the delay, which the firm faced. Research will be conducted by doing the following: Gathering information about the business operations. This will be done by conducting a survey and doing a questionnaire. After all information is collected then we can assess, evaluate and justify the different operations management and processes to use to achieve the aims and objectives of the business. Secondary research was also used to gathered information. This is because it gives the reader a wider range of information to gather from the different sources which can be justify and analyzed in order to achieve the tasks. In addition, the use of secondary data will also give efficiency in term of saving time to conduct this research. Examples of some of the secondary research that were used are the internet, newspaper, books and journals. To achieve the aims and objectives of Bacchanale Restaurant, Junon Business Development Centre will do a business report for the new investors who have limited business strategy knowledge. Create plan for the collection of primary and secondary data for a given business problem The plan is to find out why Deliciosos Bakery is not making sales, why employees arenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t comfortable and why customers are not purchasing from them anymore. Deliciosos bakery has been around for a number of years. They use to perform well but as of late things are just not going the right way. The researcher will be conduct a survey and using a questionnaire to get results. Primary and secondary data will be used to collect information as well. Secondary data that has been collect elsewhere for other reasons but can be used for this survey that is being conducted. The secondary data being used is geographical data. Primary data that is use is data that is collected from the research himself and analyse them. Present the survey methodology and sampling frame used. Sample frame is the population of persons who purchase Deliciosos bakery baked products and pastries. From the sample frame there will be a target audience of age ranging from 10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 19 from the area of Kingston, Jamaica. Design a questionnaire for a given business problem. Customer Questionnaire 1. What is your gender? Female Male 2. Which category below includes your age? 17 or younger 18-20 21-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60 or older 3. Do you like Deliciosos Bakery, neither like nor dislike it, or dislike it? Like a great deal Like a moderate amount Like a little Neither like nor dislike Dislike a little Dislike a moderate amount Dislike a great deal 4. Overall, are you satisfied with the employees at our company, neither satisfied nor dissatisfied with them, or dissatisfied with them? Extremely satisfied Moderately satisfied Slightly satisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Slightly dissatisfied Moderately dissatisfied Extremely dissatisfied 5. How friendly are the staffs at our organization? Extremelyfriendly Quite friendly Moderately friendly Slightly friendly Not at all friendly 6. Compared to our competitors, are our services prices higher, lower, or about the same? Compared to our competitors, are our services prices higher, lower, or about the same? Agreatdealhigher Quite a bit higher Somewhathigher About the same Somewhatlower Quite a bit lower A great deal lower Dontknow 7. Compared to our competitors, is our service quality better, worse, or about the same? Agreatdealbetter Quiteabitbetter Somewhat better About the same Somewhat worse Quiteabitworse Agreatdeal worse Dontknow 8. What changes would most improve our products? Employee Questionnaire Are you comfortable with the benefits you receive? __ Yes __ No Are you comfortable working at the bakery? __ Yes __ No What changes you would like to see at the bakery? __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.1 Create information for decision making by summarizing data using representative value. After the answer from the questionnaire was analyzed it can be shown why Deliciosos Bakery is not getting any sales, why they are not getting sales, why they are no customers and why there is no profit based on the information that has been collected the investors can make changes to the area that needs improvement. The customer survey showed that the prices of the bakery are nowhere near the prices of their competitors. It also showed that the products sold are not the same as how they used to, they taste different. Sales have declined tremendously. Majority of persons that took part in the survey were female. The business need to do more promotion to let the bakery be known to the public. Based on the questionnaire given to the employees they are not comfortable and the want to receive more benefits. They had alit of suggestion on ways the bakery can be improved. 2.2 Analyse the result to draw valid conclusion in a business context. It can be shown where Deliciosos bakery have went wrong and how or what they need to do to increase profit and be on top of their competitors. In order for Deliciosos bakery to get back to where they use to be they can venture into opening a new bakery and offering a wider selection of baked goods and pastries. Hiring a pastry chef to do special cakes will also get more customers to purchase from them. Seeing that the sales of the company has decreased they could do some promotion via social media (Facebook, Twitter) and also create a website. Using social media will get the public attention more because people are on their phone and computer and ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s easier to access the information and get the information they want. Another way they can promote the business id doing advertisement via radio and television. Deliciosos bakery can attract customers by giving away free pastries to them if they answered a trivia correctly or give them a gift voucher. As it relate to the employees, the company can award them with appraisal for example employee of the month/week and bonus on their pay if they have perform well. The owners also need to train their employees before putting them out to the customers. Employees are usually the face of the company therefore it is important that they are trained to deal the customers the right way. If these customers are treated properly they will return to make more purchase. If the business follows all these steps the business will get back on the right track and there will be an increase in profit and sales. 2.3 Analyse data using measures of dispersion to inform a given business context. Question #3 from the questionnaire will be used to calculate measure of dispersion. Question: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Do you like the products Deliciosos sells?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Results: Number of persons answered Like a little 4 Like a moderate amount 7 Like a great deal 3 Dislike a little 2 Dislike a moderate amount 10 Dislike a great amount 2 Mean = 10+7+3+2+2+4 = 24 = 4 6 6 Mode = 2 Median = 0 Variance = x ² = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ (x x)  ² N 1 10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 = 6 = 36 7- 4 = 3 = 9 3 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 = -1 = 1 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1 = -2 = 4 4 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 = 0 = 0 2 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 4 = -2 = 4 Total = 54 = 10.8 5 SD = à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã… ¡10.8 = 3.286 2.4 Explain how quartile, percentile and the correlation coefficient are used to draw useful conclusion in a business context. Correlation coefficientsare used in statistics to measure how strong a relationship is between two variables. There are several types of correlation coefficient: Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s correlation orPearson correlationis acorrelation coefficient commonly used in linear regression. Pearsonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Correlation Coefficient returns a value of between -1 and +1. A -1 means there is a strong negative correlation and +1 means that there is a strong positive correlation. SUBJECT Number Of Pastries Sold PRice XY X2 Y2 1 24 cupcakes 1500 36000 576 2250000 2 10 cinnamon roll 1200 12000 100 1440000 3 2 chocolate cake 3220 6440 4 10368400 4 4 cookies 100 400 8 1600 TOTAL 40 6020 54840 688 14060000 3.1 Produce graphs using spread sheets and draw valid conclusion based on the information derived. Based on the pie chart above it can be shown that more females participated in the survey than male. As shown in the diagram above people from ages 10 to 59 purchases at Deliciosos bakery with majority of the purchases coming from ages 10 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 19 years. It is clear that most of the employees working at Deliciosos bakery are not comfortable working there. 16 persons said no and 8 said yes. 3.2 Create trend lines in spread sheet graphs to assist in forecasting for specific business information. 3.3 Prepare a business presentation using suitable software and technique to disseminate information effectively. 3.4 Produce a formal business report. Terms of Reference Jordan Smith and Rasheda Smith, Managers at Deliciosos Bakery have requested a report on employeeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction. The report was to be submitted to them by 8 June. Procedure All employees were given a questionnaire and about 10% was interviewed face-to-face in the period of May 10th concerning: Overall satisfaction that they are given. Problem that they are having with management. Problems they are having with other employees. Suggestions of how they want to be treated and what needs to be improve as it relates to the employees being satisfy. They all wanted to be treated with respect and receive appraisals. Findings Employees are not satisfied with the way they are treated. Some problems they had with management are they are not being paid for overtime and when they apply for vacation it either take long to approve or ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s not given to them. Older employees were not satisfied with how the manager paid them. They had no problems with their employees. They donà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t receive any insurance so if they are hurt at work they have to spend from their own pockets. Conclusion Management need to improve on how they deal with their staff. Benefits should be revised seeing that majority of the complaints are on what they receive. Mangers need to make it their responsibility to see that the workers are being paid when they work overtime. Older employees should be paid more than the lower level employees because they are there for a long time. Recommendations The managers should discuss among themselves the serious complaints they have received pertaining to how they treat the employees. Answer to the employees request quicker and stop rejecting them from getting leave. Give the older employees the satisfaction and benefits they deserve. 4.1 Use appropriate information processing tools The management information system is an information processing tool that provides information on the business operations and gives operational data for planning, scheduling and controlling, The type of data Deliciosos Bakery use are: Decision Support System This is mostly used by managers and it gives them the necessary information needed to make intelligent decision. Transaction Processing system à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" Used by the finance manage, it is used to create invoices when the bakery has purchased materials from other companies. It is done on a daily basis and is used to prepare the payroll for the employees. 4.2 Prepare a project plan for an activity and determine the critical path. Activities Order/Logic Time A Weigh Ingredients Complete first 1 mins B Mix Ingredients After A 3 mins C Cookies Rising time After B 60 mins D Prepare tins 1 min E Pre-heat oven F Roll dough in small flat circles After C and D 2 mins G 2nd set of cookies rising time After F 15 mins H Cooking time After E and G 45 mins Critical Path = A B C D E F G H 4.3 Use financial tools for decision making. Net Present Value (NPV) is a formula used to determine the present value of an investment by the discounted sum of all cash flows received from the project. The formula for the discounted sum of all cash flows can be rewritten as: To provide an example of Net Present Value, Deliciosos Bakery is determining whether they should invest in a new project. Deliciosos Bakery will expect to invest $800,000 for the development of their new business. The company estimates that the first year cash flow will be $300,000. The second year cash flow will be $400,000, and the third year cash flow to be $300,000. The expected return of 10% is used as the discount rate. The following table provides each years cash flow and the present value of each cash flow. Year Cash Flow Present Value 0 -$800,000 -$800,000 1 $200,000 $181,818.18 2 $300,000 $247,933.88 3 $200,000 $150,262.96 Net Presented Value = 219,984.18 Internal rate of return is the interest rate at which the netpresent valueof all thecashflows (both positive and negative) from a project orinvestmentequal zero. Formula: 0 = P0+ P1/(1+IRR) + P2/(1+IRR)2+ P3/(1+IRR)3+ . . . +Pn/(1+IRR)n Deliciosos Bakery wants to purchase a piece of factory equipment for $300,000. The equipment would only last three years, but it is expected to generate $150,000 of additional annualprofitduring those years. Deliciosos Bakery also thinks it can sell the equipment for scrap afterward for about $10,000. Using IRR, Deliciosos Bakery can determine whether the equipment purchase is a better use of itscashthan its otherinvestmentoptions, which should return about 10%. 0 = -$300,000 + ($150,000)/(1+.2431) + ($150,000)/(1+.2431)2+ ($150,000)/(1+.2431)3+ $10,000/(1+.2431)4 Theinvestments IRR is 24.31% Recommendations Conclusion References 1

The Museum Of Fine Arts - 751 Words

Dear to whom it may concern in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston I am writing to you to express my interest in the job opportunity â€Å"Terrace Research Associate in Egyptian Art† in the Department of Art of the Ancient World, one of open staff positions in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston next Summer. As an applicant for the job opportunity in Museum of Fine Arts (MFA) Boston, I would be interested in the division, the Arts of Ancient Egypt collections I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Egyptology from Cairo University in Egypt, where I studied in its prestigious Department of Archeology. In the course of my four years of undergraduate education, I studied various subjects, including the history of ancient Egypt (prehistoric, pre-dynastic, and dynastic periods), ancient Egyptian archeology, ancient Egyptian language, Coptic language, Hieratic scripts and texts, archaeological sites, museology and excavation, religions thought in ancient Egypt, ancient Egyptian society, history and archeology during the Ptolemaic period, history and civilization of ancient Greece as well as history and archeology of Egypt in Roman period. My interest in art grew out of my passion for history, particularly the ancient history of Egypt, where I was born and raised. Already as a child I was fascinated by museums and the vast amount of objects they contained and I avidly read the label information of each museum object. 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Benefits of health promotion - 1122 Words

Benefits of health promotion Wytoshery Williams Grand Canyon University Family centered health promotion December 22, 2013 BENEFITS OF HEALTH PROMOTION A Healthy lifestyle is promoted by being educated in prevention methods and strategies. How is health promotion define and what is its purpose? The nursing roles, responsibilities and implementation methods for health promotion will be addressed, finally, a comparison of the health promotion levels. Health promotion is defined as the process of enabling people to increase control over and to improve their health. (World health organization, n.d) Health promotion helps prevent diseases, premature death and disability. It is voluntary which result in†¦show more content†¦The second level of health promotion which is identified and treat non symptomatic individuals who have already developed risk factors or pre-clinical diseases but the condition is present. In the article â€Å"Health coaching to improve Hypertension treatment in a low-income, minority population†, Participations received a community based health promotion program in which the goal of the program i s to provide information on hypertension and high cholesterol and educated on problem solving and skills to improve self-efficacy. Multiple strategies to promote the development and self-efficacy information were given on DVDs about hypertension and high cholesterol. Self-care booklets, group support (counseling and exercising) and telephone follow-up were also included. The results after a six months study showed an increase in patient motivation and health behavior. There was a decrease in HDL level and blood pressure. Patients found it much easier to deal with hypertension and cholesterol by using the self-care skills. 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Poetry Analysis Analysis Essay Example For Students

Poetry Analysis Analysis Essay Josef Reno Pangolin Asp. Mel-Shay Record Introduction Name of poem Home Burial Name of poet Robert Frost Date of publication 1915 Other relevant background info This poem talks about Living, Death, sorrow and grieving, Relationships and Formally And ancestors. It is full of sadness and grief. During its publication it is presented as a whole new genre of poetry. Two deaths were depicted in the poem, that of a child and an end up of marriage. The poem deals with essential loneliness. This poem is rough up by his experience of losing his two children at a very young age. One of his son, committed suicide. Form Form of poem It Is a free verse; Dramatic Lynn Structure of poem The Poem has no rhyme scheme yet it have noticeable number of stresses per lines. Lines spoken by people are enclosed in quotation marks and thus recognized as such. It also used emotional or tense form of words Rhyme scheme No rhyme scheme Meaning Overall Meaning Each of us has Its own destiny. Decision making takes a big role In human life as such it will dictate the future off person. Though we may not have the privilege or the ability to see our future, we can rely that in every action there is a reaction. It is said that Frost took the road less taken but in reality all of us travel in this very road and that Is life, the run of life. All of us run the same cycle. How the poem relates to life In general, and/or my life In decision making, we should take into consideration the effects it will burst forth and that what ever the result, I must be ready to embrace the consequence whether good or bad. Alliteration 1 OFF To give of the best. To perform as if it will be the last. To smile at least theres no tomorrow.

Physical Appearance and Securing Employment

Outline Thesis statement: Physical appearance has been proved to influence an individual’s chances of being employed in the organization. This article reviews journal articles that talk about the relationship between physical appearance and securing employment.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Physical Appearance and Securing Employment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Both previous and recent studies confirm that there is a relationship between physical appearance, such as dressing and body physique, and chances of being employed in a company or in the organization. Employers associate certain individuals with particular features such as fat individuals are linked to laziness. Labeling therefore becomes a problem in seeking employment. In the United States for instance, laws have been crafted that eliminate discrimination against physical appearance. Literature shows that the most b eautiful women and handsome men have a better chance of landing a job as opposed to individuals without admirable qualities. It then follows that employment is an independent variable whereas physical traits such as body size, color, height and shape are dependent variables. Without employment as a variable, physical traits could not be relevant within the context of work. Other factors influence an individual’s chances of being employed in the organization but this paper will specifically focus on physical traits. The paper uses some journal articles to evaluate what other scholars have done in relation to the topic. Dressing code that is identified with particular cultures or religion affects an individual’s chances of being employed. Due to subjective reasons, employers may have a dislike to a potential employee because of appearance and presentation. Religion Yaghoob Foroutan examined the relationship between culture and the chances of employment for women in organ izations. He set out his research because there was a growing debate over gender and cultural disparity in society. Female Job seekers from Muslim culture had problems securing employment in Australia and other parts of the world as well. The scholar explored the differences between Muslim women and females from other cultures. He found out that Islamic dressing code discriminated women from society. Few Islam women were employed because employers were uncertain about their demands and desires (Foroutan, 2008). The researcher compared employment rates of female Muslims in Australia and those employed in other parts of the world. He established that there was no difference since other cultures all over the world had problems with Islamic dressing codes. The researcher employed quantitative research methods in his study. He distributed questionnaires to both employers and Muslim women. The findings were analyzed using regression method in order to substantiate the findings. The findin gs suggest that dressing code is directly related to chances of securing employment in the organization. Managers and employers in general are reluctant to employ people whom they do not share a culture.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gender Appearance Trautner Mary and Kwan Samantha conducted an extensive research pertaining to attractiveness of both men and women. They noted that beauty affects several stages of employment such as appointing, salary, performance assessment and promotion. Employers expect individuals to be dressed decently during recruitment exercises. Furthermore, only certain air styles attract employers, implying that those with unwanted air styles cannot land jobs. From time to time, employers encourage their employees to maintain certain body figures. Furthermore, employers regulate the dressing code of employees by insisting on official at tires. Those seeking employment must conform to prescribed attires and uniforms. The scholars sought to know why some employers were firing their staff due to increased body sizes. The researchers analyzed some of the cases deliberated by the American law courts relating to employee appearance (Trautner, Kwan, 2010). The research concludes that the number of cases keep on increasing meaning that it is a concept that needs more exploration. This aspect encouraged the two scholars to conduct this research. Contrary to popular believe, it is men who were affected most by the dressing code in 1970s. Data from this research reveal that cases differed all along from 1970s. Physical appearances problems in 1970s were concerned with male hair length. The new trend reveals that weight and deviant appearances are the major problems. This means that employers are keen to recruit individuals who match their tastes and preferences as regards to physical appearance. Tall and slender men are beli eved to be resourceful while the big-bodied are assumed lazy and unproductive. The scholars collected data through interviews. They followed the tenets of quantitative research methodology. Lisa Drogosz and Paul Levy conducted a separate study on gender appearance, in which they applied Lack of Fit Model. The scholars evaluated how the theory was utilized in places of work and during recruitment. According to them, some gender characteristics were superior to others. Individuals with desired qualities were productive than those with no such qualities (Drogosz, Levy, 1996). Employers tend to go for those employees perceived to have desired qualities. Attractive employees could boost the productivity of the firm as opposed to non-attractive ones.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Physical Appearance and Securing Employment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Therefore, the employer rates recruits as masculi ne, feminine or neutral. Through their study, they established that Lack of Fit Theory was misplaced. Their findings did not replicate the results of the theory. They found out that attractiveness was the major theme in any organization. Attractive individuals scored high in their jobs. In fact, job category was not an issue because nice-looking individuals emerged top in all types of jobs. This is what happens during recruitment, meaning that good-looking recruits are given more points as opposed to the unpleasant ones. Individuals possessing either masculine or feminine qualities were rated as being nice-looking. For women, those with good shapes and height were given highest ratings while men with muscles were considered very productive. The researchers used quantitative research method, mainly because they were interested in numbers. Sexual Capital Catherine Hakim conducted a study to determine sexual attractiveness, in which she formulated Erotic Capital theory. She believes th at erotic capital is a very treasured personal quality that is utilized by individuals to seek favors, including employment. Apart from erotic capital, she identifies other forms of capital such as social, economic and human. The scholar insists that erotic capital is extremely important in the modern society. Those who can present themselves in an attractive manner will always achieve what they want. This means that even employers are attracted to nudism. Ladies wearing short cloths that display their bodies attract employers and can easily influence them, hence getting employment (Hakim, 2010). Men with attractive bodies can as well attractive female employers. However, the scholar disputes that a man cannot challenge a woman when it comes to utilization of erotic capital in seeking employment. Women will always win the favors of men during recruitment exercises. She asserts that women are always working hard to attract men hence giving them a better advantage during recruiting. U pon employment, erotic capital plays an important role in promotion and wage increment. This is because it is usually believed that such individuals bring in more customers. Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy Rhodes concluded their studies by observing that employers can judge an individual’s intelligence from facial appearance. This is only possible when a valid cue of beauty is employed (Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy, Rhodes, 2002).Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The scholars observe further that a number of reasons contribute to relationship between attractiveness and intelligence. This means that employers use both biological and social factors to tell an individual’s capability. Some are perceived to be lazy by looking at their bodies while others are judged through behavior. Therefore, it is true that an individual’s body movement can be used to predict his/her chances of landing a job. Individuals who do things faster have an advantage of being employed than others. The research was conducted in various parts of the world to establish the influence of femininity and masculinity in employment. However, the research recommends further studies because scholars used unrepresentative sample. Future researches should use large samples to achieve viable and reliable results. Conclusion Trautner and Kwan argue that beauty affects employment processes such as hiring and promotion. On their part, Drogosz and Levy concur with Trautne r and Kwan that beauty is indeed a major determinant of employment. Foroutan discusses about the influence of cultural attire in employment, in which he argues that Islamic attire is an impediment to Islam women worldwide. Hakim further noted that individuals could utilize erotic capital to solicit employment favors. Zebrowitz, Hall, Murphy Rhodes asserted that employers could tell the character of an individual through facial appearance. It is therefore true that physical appearance affects an individual’s chances of employment. Attractive individuals have high chances of being employed. Religious attires such as those of Muslims affect their employment opportunities. This literature review is resourceful in telling the relationship between physical appearance and employment. References Drogosz, L., Levy, P. (1996). Another look at the effects of appearance, gender, and job type on performance-based decisions. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20(3), 437-445. Hakim, C. (2010) . Erotic Capital. European Sociological Review, 26(5), 499-518. Trautner, M., Kwan, S. (2010). Gendered appearance norms: An analysis of employment discrimination lawsuits, 1970-2008. Research in the Sociology of Work, 20, 127-150. Foroutan, Y. (2008). Women’s employment, religion and multiculturalism: Socio-demographic emphasis. Journal of Population Research, 25(1), 63-90. Zebrowitz, L., Hall, J., Murphy, N., Rhodes, G. (2002). Looking smart and looking good: Facial cues to intelligence and their origins. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(2), 238-249. This critical writing on Physical Appearance and Securing Employment was written and submitted by user Walter A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Chicago the musical review essays

Chicago the musical review essays On both the 12th Chicago. I watched it with the drama class on the 12th and Courtney on the 23rd. The main cast members were Catherine Zita-Jones starring as Velma Kelley, Renee Zellweger starring as Roxie Hart and Richard Gere as Billy Flynn. When the musical/ movie started I saw an old modernized pub with lots of bar girls smoking and lots of men in the background drinking. Everyone was dressed in 1930s style clothes and jazz music was playing and Velma had just started singing little things like Velma washing her hands made me feel intrigued to know more, at the very start I thought this is pretty average Im not going to like it because I dont usually watch musicals but overall I my first impressions were reasonably good. Chicagos basic plot was Murders Velma Kelly (who killed her husband and sister after finding them in bed together)and Roxie Hart (Who killed her boyfriend when she discovered he wasn't going to make her a star) find themselves facing death together and fight to keep themselves or make themselves stars. During this fight Roxies husband gets treated unfairly and an innocent women is hung! To save herself from being hung Roxie Hart lies about everything and fools the media into believing she is a good girl. Chicago is a musical, this means that all the emotions people are trying to express are done through songs or asides. Two of the lead characters were Roxie Hart, and Billy Flynn (Renee Zellweger ...

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx - Essay Example The latter group is identified as being a dangerous class, which may be swept into a proletarian revolution where the proletariats take over, while also dethroning the bourgeois class (Marx 1). Through the structure of his Communist Manifesto, Marx successfully shows how the history of nations is driven by their economic concerns, as well as how the struggle between the hard working proletariats and the rich bourgeois could eventually result in Communism. Following his examination of the bourgeois’ history and nature, Marx’s Communist Manifesto turns to discussing the development of the proletariat class. In this initial sub-section, it is argued how the bourgeois class developed alongside the proletariats, setting the stage for the eventual destruction of the bourgeois by the proletariats. It is noted how the proletariats only live as long as they can get work, as well as the fact they can only find work if the labor they offer works to increase capital for the bourgeois (Marx 1). In this case, the distinctions based on sex and age became less essential since the proletariats become labor instruments. In addition, as soon as the exploitative boss pays the proletariats, the bourgeois exploit them further (Marx 1). This initial description of the proletariat’s nature sets the stage for Marx to expound on his argument of a struggle between them and the bourgeois. This struggle is identified as involving groups of workers and individual laborers rebelling against the exploitative bourgeois, specifically in the hope that their medieval worker status would be revived. The proletariat is shown as having been initially geographically divided, disorganized, and competition with each other. In addition, even after they formed unions, the proletariats were still under the bourgeois’ influence, which meant that they continued to serve and further the bourgeois objectives (Marx 1). It is at this point of

Job satisfaction for MacDonald fast food restaurant Case Study

Job satisfaction for MacDonald fast food restaurant - Case Study Example Hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken, French fries, soft drinks, milkshakes and desserts are some of the items sold by McDonald's. Recently McDonald's has diversified its operations into many other areas. For example, â€Å"With the introduction of specialty coffee, McDonald's became more than just a fast food restaurant. Now you could come during the evenings and sit in the McCafe, sipping cappuccino while discussing the subtleties of 20th century French philosophy† (McDonald's: A History Of Innovation). â€Å"According to the National Restaurant Association, American sales of fast food totaled $163.5 billion in 2005. Total sales for McDonald's grew 5.6 percent in 2005, and the company now has 30,000 franchised stores in more than 120 countries†(Wilson).(See appendix for more details). In short, McDonald's is one of the rapidly growing organizations in the world. Even though recent recession hit many of the restaurant chains drastically, McDonald's escaped without any se rious injuries. At the same time, many people believe that the job satisfaction of the employees of McDonald's is not so good because of the demanding work culture. It should be noted that job satisfaction is an important entity for the workers of modern era. Any lapse in job satisfaction may result in increased turnover rate and the image of the organization could be spoiled. This paper conducts a SWOT analysis of McDonald's with respect to job satisfaction among employees. SWOT analysis Strengths A New York Times article chronicles the efforts of one McDonald's franchisee in Missouri who has outsourced his drive through order-taking to Colorado. According to the franchise owner, outsourced order taking allows him to handle 30 additional cars per hour. At the same time, the error rate in order taking was cut significantly as the ordering process has become more efficient and accurate (McDonald's: A History Of Innovation). Innovation is the major strength of McDonald's. The company never hesitated to incorporate modern business strategies and servicing techniques in its premises. It should be noted that outsourcing and offshoring are two of the most modern business strategies adopted by modern organizations to exploit the globalized business climate. As mentioned earlier, internationalization of offshoring of business helped McDonald's to establish business in more than 120 countries at present. it should be noted that the business in America is almost saturated for McDonald's at present since it has outlets in virtually every corner of America. It is impossible for McDonald's to expand further in America. Because of the above awareness, the company started internationalization of business, which brought dividends to them. Same way, out sourcing also helped the company immensely in increasing its revenue. Many people have the illusion that outsourcing may help only the manufacturing industry and it has nothing to do with the service industry. However, McDonald 's proved such belief wrong. It has outsourced the majority of the order taking jobs. It should not be forgotten that it is extremely difficult in America and other European countries to find enough labor to work in lower level positions. Manpower shortage is immense in these regions and hence companies forced to outsource their jobs as much as possible. Outsourcing of order taking and order processing helped McDonald's to improve its operating efficiency immensely. Previously, the

Christian Science Monitor Essay Example for Free

Christian Science Monitor Essay An article in the Christian Science Monitor last January tries to educate consumers about the value of carbon offset programs and whether they have any real effect on global warming. The article, published January 10, 2007, discusses the concept of carbon offsets and the efforts of some companies to become carbon neutral. The ideal are based on the idea that as consumers we emit a certain amount of greenhouse gases or are responsibility for having been emitted. In an effort to reduce that amount, the so-called â€Å"Carbon footprint†, consumers are being offered the chance to buy â€Å"carbon offsets†, a process by which a company takes some action to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases being emitted. If enough offsets are purchased, the person or company can become â€Å"carbon neutral† meaning that their actions are not increasing the amount of greenhouse gases in the world. This article, â€Å"Do Carbon Offsets Live Up to Their Promise? †, is about the first report by someone trying to evaluate whether this is a good environmental effort or a giant fraud. The report, by the non-profit organization Clean Air-Cool Planet, argues that three-quarters of the 30 companies currently selling carbon offsets are doing a less than mediocre job of it. The companies were ranked on a scale of 1 to 10, 75 percent ranked less than a five. The article also details what criteria were used to evaluate the carbon offset programs. The intended reader of this article is the highly-informed readership of the Christian Science Monitor. The newspaper is one of the most well-respected in the country for journalistic excellence and assumes a certain amount of base knowledge in its readership. As such, the article could have been better at explaining some of the basic terms it used, but appeared to be scientifically accurate. Surprisingly, many of the article’s sources were people active in the environmental community. This would seem like an inherent bias in the article, but many of those people were willing to point out flaws in the carbon offset system. One representative of the Sierra Club told the Monitor that if carbon offsets were viewed like papal indulgences and people used them as an excuse to keep polluting, they could potentially be harmful to the planet. The article was also peppered with scientific facts including the idea that methane is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide without feeling like a science lecture. This article made me angry because it seemed to make it clear that carbon offsets are a sham. The article indicated that one criteria of the evaluation done by Clean Air-Cool Planet was to determine how many of these greenhouse gas reducing activities would have taken place regardless of whether the offsets were purchased. For companies who use producing alternate fuel sources as a carbon offset, it appears that this new trend is simply a way to capitalize their projects and make even more money. Other companies called planting trees their â€Å"carbon offset†. Since trees are a renewable resource, I am skeptical about when and where these trees were being planted. If they were planted to replace a forest that had just been clear cut for the local paper mill, then calling them a â€Å"carbon offset† is fraudulent and ridiculous. This article made me very leery of those who use carbon offsets in general, as it appears that this may indeed be a way for the indulgent to continue their polluting ways, never change their lifestyles to reflect the needs of the planet, and feel better about themselves while nothing is being done to stop global warming. This article left me with the impression that much of the hype about stopping global warming has been just that, hype, and that we will realize in a few years that the problem is getting exponentially worse despite our â€Å"efforts† to fix it.

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution Essay

The Bolsheviks and the Tragedy of the October Revolution The majority of the people are with us. The majority of the working and oppressed people all over the world are with us. Ours is the cause of justice. Our victory is assured."1 "October was a classic coup d'à ©tat, the capture of governmental power by a small minority, carried out-without mass engagement."2 The October Revolution was perhaps the most momentous event of the twentieth century. It led to the creation of the Soviet Union, the first avowedly Communist nation in history, which was to become a global superpower, an inspiration to many, an object of the hatred of many more. Possibly more important was the role the memory of the October Revolution played in the mythology of the Soviet Union throughout its entire existence. Along with the doctrine of Marxism-Leninism and the Communist Party edifice, the legacy of October was one of the pillars upon which the Soviet Union supported itself and justified its form and existence.   " Whatever legitimacy the Soviet regime could once claim, in its own eyes and in that of the outside world," claims Martin Malia, "depended - on the socialist reality of October."3 In the Soviet Union, the October Revolution was officially viewed as the ultimate endorsement of the Communist Party and Marxism-Leninism by the people of Russia.   The toiling masses, achieving class-consciousness in the turmoil of the revolutionary cauldron, placed their vanguard at their head and entrusted it with control of the new Union of Soviet Socialist Republics.   They then defended it against the attacks of the counterrevolutionaries, and would continue to do so until the worldwide socialist revolution, the establishment of global communism, and th... ...dy, 507. 25.   Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 550. 26.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 64. 27.   Ibid., 63. 28.   Robert Daniels, ed.   A Documentary History of Communism (New York: Random House, 1984), I, 102. 29.   Lenin qtd. in Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 65. 30. Ibid., 63. 31.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 506. 32.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 147. 33.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 464. 34.   Richard Stites, Revolutionary Dreams: Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 43. 35.   Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, 553 - 555. 36.   Figes, People's Tragedy, 519. 37.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 110. 38.   Ibid., 113. 39.   See Figes, People's Tragedy, 590 - 594. 40.   Daniels, Conscience of the Revolution, 119. 41.   Ibid., 121. 42.   Malia, Soviet Tragedy, 103 - 104.

Brief History of Computer by Ajiboye Daud

LITERATURE REVIEW OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Computers have evolved from the fundamental principles of mathematical calculation and language processing. The computing systems of today are an outcome of the efforts and intellect of mathematicians, logicians, linguists and technologists from all over the world. Computer history comprises the evolutionary journey of computing systems, the timeline of operating systems as well as the history behind the development of a wide variety of computer software and hardware. Bellow is the computer history in brief and the evolution of computers. How did the different types of computers evolve? Here is a brief overview of the progress of computing technology from calculators of the 18th century right up to the modern-day digital portable computers. Year| Technology Used| Before 1801| Calculators were the earliest computing devices. They were the only computation tools for long years before the creation of computers. | 1801| The years that followed were dominated by the use of punched cards for computing. The users used to submit programming assignments to a computer centre using stacks of cards. The programs used to be queued for processing and execution. | 1930 – 1960| Desktop mechanical calculators were built during the 1930s. During the 1950s and the '60s, electronic desktop calculators came up. Analog computational technologies predominated this period. | 1940 – 1960| This span of time witnessed the emergence of the digital computing technology. Zuse Z3, ENIAC and EDSAC were some of the early digital computers. * First-generation computers were based on the von Neumann architecture. * The second generation computers were characterized by the replacement of vacuum tube by bipolar transistors. They were composed of printed circuit boards. | After 1960| These years witnessed the development of the third generation computers. They were based on integrated circuits. Computer systems of this period had large storage capacities and high processing powers. Multi-core CPUs became available in the 21st century. Laptops, palmtops, handheld PCs, notebook computers and tablet PCs are popular today. Computer development still continues. | Let us now look at the history and timeline of computing systems. Before moving ahead, it will be interesting to know when was the first computer made! Year| Event| 2400 BC| Abacus, the first known calculator was invented in Babylonia. It was a major step towards the era of computing that was to follow. 500 BC| Panini, an ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian came up with the predecessor of the modern formal language theory. | 300 BC| Pingala invented the binary number system that serves as the foundation of computing systems the world over. | 1614| John Napier designed the system of movable rods, which used algorithms to perform the basic mathematical operations. | 1622| William Oug htred invented slide rules. | 1822| Charles Babbage devised the first mechanical computer. | 1937| John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer| 1939| Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype. 1941| The electromechanical Z machines by Konrad Zuse proved being an important step in the evolution of computers. | 1943| Colossus, which was able to decode German messages, was designed at Bletchley Park in Britain. | 1944| Harvard Mark I, a computer with lesser programmability was designed. | 1945| John von Neumann described a stored program architecture, for the first time ever. This architecture was the heart of the computer systems developed thereafter. This architecture, which came to be known as the von Neumann architecture is a part of every computer till today. 1946| The Ballistics Research Laboratory of the United States came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC). It was the first general purpose electronic computer; but had an inflexible architecture. | 1950| The US National Bureau of Standards came up with the Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC). It was the first computer using diodes for handling logic. | 1951| Lynos Electronic Office (LEO), the first business computer was developed by John Simmons and T. Raymond Thompson. UNIVAC I, the first commercial computer was designed in the United States by John Presper Eckert and John W. Mauchly. EDVAC, the electronic discrete variable automatic computer was introduced. | 1955| Bell Labs introduced its first transistor computer. Transistors made computers energy-efficient. | 1958| Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) was formed. This year also witnessed the making of the first silicon chip by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce. | 1968| DEC launched the first mini computer known as PDP-8| 1969| The US Department of Defense founded the Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET). It was established with intent to develop a computer network and is the predecessor of the Internet. 1971| Microcomputers came up with microprocessors and Ted Hoff at Intel, introduced 4-bit 4004. | 1972| This year witnessed the creation of 8080 microprocessors by Intel. | 1973| A minicomputer that was called Xerox Alto was developed during this year. It was an important milestone in the development of personal computers. | 1974| Researchers at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center came up with Alto, which was the first workstation with an inbuilt mouse. It had a fair amount of storage capacity and offered menus and icons. It could also connect to a network. 1975| Altair came up with the first portable computer. The foundation of the present-day relationship between portability and computing was laid way back in 1975! Tandem computers, the first computers with online transaction processing capacities were born during this period. | 1979| By 1979, more than half a million computers were in use in the United States. This number crossed 10 million by 1983. | 1981| The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) was founded. It was during the same year that the first 32-bit chip was introduced by Hewlett-Packard. | 1982| Intel announced the 80286 processor. 1983| In this year, the Time magazine nominated personal computer for the title ‘machine of the year'. | 1985| Intel introduced the 80386 processor that consists of a 16MHz processor. | 1990| The World Wide Web was born. Tim Berners-Lee, a researcher at CERN, developed HTML. He came up with specifications such as URL and HTTP. He based the World Wide Web on enquiry-based system that used hypertext and enabled people to collaborate over a network. His first web server and browser became available to the public. | Till date| The development of newer versions of computer systems continues. | An operating system is that software component of a computer system, which deals with the management of the different computer processes and the sharing of computer resources. It hosts computer applications and handles computer hardware. Take a look at the major events in the history of operating systems. Before going ahead, you might like to take a quick look at the different types of operating systems. Year| Event| 1954| MIT came up with their operating system for UNIVAC 1103. | 1964| Dartmouth timesharing operating system was developed. | 1965| Multics was announced. However, it was opened for paying customers in October 1969. 1966| DOS/360 of IBM came up. | 1969| This year witnessed the development of the Unix operating system by AT;T. | 1976| CP/M was developed during this year. | 1980| OS-9 came up in 1980. | 1981| This year can be considered fortunate to have witnessed the development of MS-DOS. IBM had hired Paul Allen and Bill Gates to create an operating system in 1980. The y used the operating system manufactured by the Seattle Computer Products as a template to develop DOS. | 1984| Macintosh operating system came up in this year. | 1987| It was during this year that MINIX, BSD2000 and OS/2 were developed. 1988| RISC iX, LynxOS and Macintosh OS (System 6) came up during this year. | 1989| This was the time when the RISC operating system was developed. | 1991| It was in 1991 that Linux came up. It is a Unix-like operating system, which is a free software. It was during this year that Minix 1. 5 was developed and Macintosh came up with System 7. | 1992| Solaris, the successor of Sun OS 4. X came up during this year. | 1993| Plan 9, FreeBSD, NetBSD and Windows NT 3. 1 came up during 1993. | 1995| OpenBSD and Microsoft Windows 95 came up during 1995 | 1996| Windows NT 4. 0 hit the computing market in 1996. | 998| 1998 witnessed the release of Windows 98 as well of Solaris 7. | 2000| Windows 2000, which hit the markets in 2000, was the first Windows server operating system to drop the ‘NT' suffixed to its name. Windows ME, which was sold during this year, was the last operating system in the Windows 9x line. Red Hat Linux 6. 2E also came up during 2000. | 2001| Windows XP was launched and soon gained a wide popularity. Windows XP 64-bit edition followed in 2002. | 2002| Windows XP Service Pack 1 was released in 2002. | 2003| 2003 witnessed the launch of the Windows 2003 Server as also the release of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3. 2004| Windows XP Service Pack 2 was released in 2004. | 2006| Windows Vista hit the markets| 2008| Windows Vista Service Pack 1 and Windows Server 2008 came up in 2008. It was also during this very year that Windows XP Service Pack 3 was released. | Computers have always been the most efficient computational devices. They have high processing powers and are able to run and execute large programs. Programming languages serve as the means to write programs on computer systems. Thus, it is important to look at the timeline of the development of some of the major programming languages. Following is an overview of the important events in the history of computer languages. Year| Programming Language Developed| Before 1950| The ENIAC coding system was primarily used in computing| 1954-54| Fortran â€Å"0† was designed by a team at IBM. Fortran Implementation was developed by John Backus at IBM in 1957. | 1956-58| John McCarthy came up with the concept of LISP. | 1959| COBOL concept came up followed by its implementation that was developed by the Codasyl Committee in 1960. The LISP implementation was developed in 1959. LISP's successor, Common LISP, came up later in 1984. 1964| IBM came up with PL/I concept. PL/M followed years later in 1972. 1964 also saw the development of BASIC by Kemeny and Kurtz. | 1969| Ken Thompson developed the B language. | 1970| This was when Pascal was developed. | 1972| It was during 1972 that Smalltalk and Prolog were developed. One of the most important events in the history of computing was the development of C language. It was de veloped by Dennis Ritchie in 1972. | 1975| Scheme, the successor of LISP came up in 1975 as also Modula, the successor of Pascal. | 1978| SQL was developed at IBM in 1978. | 1979| REXX and AWK came up in 1979. 1980-83| C with classes was developed in 1980. Objective-C came up in 1982. 1983 witnessed the development of C++, one of the very popular languages till date. | 1985| PostScript and Object Pascal belong to 1985. | 1987| Perl that derives some of its features from C, as also from AWK, sed and sh evolved in 1987. | 1991| Van Rossum came up with Python. Visual Basic, developed by Alan Cooper, came up in the same year. | 1993| Ruby, which is considered a successor of Smalltalk and Perl, came up in 1993. | 1994| PHP was born in 1994. | 1995| ColdFusion belongs to 1995. It was during this year that James Gosling at Sun Microsystems came up with Java. | 1996| Javascript was born in this year. ECMAScript, its successor came up in 1997. | 1999| XSLT, a language based on XML by the W3C and the Game Maker Language by Mark Overmars were born in 1999. | 2000| The D language and C# came up in 2000. | 2006| The development of Windows PowerShell by Microsoft was one of the significant events in computing that took place in 2006. | Looking at the speedily advancing computing technology, we can surely say that the future of computers is going to be as glorious as their history.

The First Movement of Beethovens Sonata Op.31 No.1...

This sonata was composed around 1802, a point at which Beethoven experienced the crisis of encroaching deafness. From then on, the composer started to introduce innovative and bold ideas within classical framework in his musical composition to expand the expressiveness of his music. His novel approach was evident in his formal and harmonic arrangement in the first movement of Sonata Op.31 No.1. Distinctive harmonic departure from the classical sonata form convention fills the movement with drama. In classical sonata form convention, tonality is to be established in the first theme with no ambiguity so as to make contrast with the second theme, which is normally set in the dominant. In the first movement of Beethoven’s sonata Op.31†¦show more content†¦He preserved the harmonic integrity by finally returning to the home key-G major (Fig. G) in the closing section of the second theme (mm.265-275). Fig. F Fig. G The return to the home key can be seen as a relief from the â€Å"dissonance† produced by the passages of second themes in E major and b minor. Yet, the tonality on G major is not distinctive enough to induce a home-returning emotion in the listeners. Therefore, the composer restated the opening of the first theme in G major and continues with arpeggiando passages (Fig. H) (mm.288-295) establishing the dominant of the home key. The coda (mm.295-324) consists only simple harmonies (Fig. I) of the tonic and dominant seventh, reassuring the listeners the sense of finally returning home. Fig .H Fig .I Employing remote keys and tonicisation seem not sufficient for the composer to display his ability to expand the expressiveness of his music. Thus, Beethoven employed the technique modal mixture through out the second theme in both exposition and recapitulation. For instance, the second theme in the exposition starts with B major harmony (mm.65-69) (Fig. C). With a descending scale, the second theme swiftly changes to b minor (mm.72-79) (Fig. J). It creates abrupt change in the mood from a sweet dance-like major passage to a stormy minor one. From measure 72, b minor persists throughout the second theme except